Indeed, magic. How about the Commodore 64, there was a game (Eindeloos, Radarsoft, 1985) within 64kb that has a huge map. Someone recently (after 40 years!) extracted the map (500 screens) and the png alone is 800kb. See the story an zoom in and try finding the little heart in the map!
https://adayinthelifeof.nl/2025/03/07/endless.html
Elite on the BBC Micro - which had 32kB of RAM, a huge chunk of which was required for the screen - managed to have eight galaxies with 256 distinct planets each.
Everything about them was procedurally generated, even the names, which required some clever code to ensure none of them used rude words.
> which had 32kB of RAM, a huge chunk of which was required for the screen
People assume 10KB, with the BBC Micro¹² version's version using a mix of modes 4 & 5 (320×256×1bbp and 160×256×2bbp respectively), but as well as the split screen trickery they tweaked the graphics hardware in more detail than that to create custom modes. There were only 248 scanlines and either 256 or 128 pixels per line, so the display took 7.75KB. As well as leaving more memory for the rest of the code, this reduced the amount being drawn, so helped keep the draw speed acceptable.
This left about 24KB⁴ for the rest of the code and its working data. Still a very impressive feat!
> - managed to have eight galaxies with 256 distinct planets each.
IIRC it was originally going to be larger than that, they toned it down a bit but not due to technical limitations (the galaxy generator code would not have needed to be any larger).
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[1] The Electron lacked support that allowed the split screen to work (one of the chips removed meant the required timing signal wasn't available), so it was all monochrome though still with the custom resolution and taking 7.75KB.
[2] The version enhanced for the Master series use a mix of mode 1 and mode 2 to enable more colours, 2bbp for the view of space and 4bbp³ for the dashboard. This still used the custom resolution, so took 15.5KB rather than 20KB. This was achieved by using the shadow RAM bank to host the screen display (some programs instead used this feature to implement double-buffering for smoother screen drawing), allowing the screen to take twice as much space while also freeing up memory to hold things that would have been loaded from disc when needed⁵ in the Micro version.
[3] Actually effectively 3bbp as the BBC hardware did 8 colours and flashing variants instead of 16 colours (which most other systems used to provide two shades of 8 colours, using the 4th bit as an intensity flag).
[4] less a few chunks here & there needed by code in system ROMs when doing things like reading extra data from the floppy
[5] There were two chunks of code, one for in-flight and one for while docked, that were swapped in as you entered or left a space station. On the Micro these were pulled from disk each time, on the Master they could both be in RAM. If playing from cassette you had a cut-down version of the game that didn't need this split.
Yes, an amazing and detailed post, enjoyed all of it. In AI, it is common to use jit compilers (pytorch, jax, warp, triton, taichi, ...) that compile to cuda (or rocm, cpu, tpu, ...).
You could write renderers like that, rasterizers or raytracers.
(A new simple raytracer that compiles to cuda, used for robotics reinforcement learning, renders at up to 1 million fps at low resolution, 64x64, with textures, shadows)
Pretty complex project, brings up C64 assembly programming memories (with some freeze cartridge with monitor to enter asm OP codes).
It would be interesting to see all the actual LLM queries to get those results.
I wonder if they used silent computer fans? I love the quiet Noctua fans, and replace all noisy fans with them: fans in pc, wifi router, playstation 5, mister fpga, robots, jetson orin etc.
I use a bank of eight Noctuas to vent from the rooom with our wood stove to the main hall. Then use more units with two sets of Noctuas ganged to move from the hall to various remote rooms. Been using them for more years than I can remember. Silent, never failed yet. It has been great vs. using house fans (my initial approach). BTW: Our local thrift store has a huge amount of various DC power supplies from donations. I sift thru them to find the right volts/amp combo needed for the ganged units, and generally spend about a dollar per supply. HTH, RF.
I tried Bluesky and wanted to like it. My account got flagged as spam, still no idea why. Ironically it could be another way of loosing ones voice to an LLM :)
> My account got flagged as spam, still no idea why.
This happened to me too, 3 weeks ago. The email said why I got flagged as spam, I replied to the email explaining I actually was a human, and after some minutes they unflagged my account. Did you not receive an email saying why?
If you follow certain people, various communities will, en mass, block you and report you automatically with software "block lists". This can lead to getting flagged as spam.
Well that's the thing -- you might be flagged as spam in the Bluesky PDS, but there are other PDS's, with their own feeds and algorithms, and in fact you can make your own if you so choose. That's a lot of work, and Twitter is definitely easier, but atproto means that an LLM cannot steal your voice.
Thanks, your comment made me buy the icode prebuilt preloaded MiSTer FPGA, 128mb ram, hope that is sufficient for Amiga Vision. I used to own an Amiga 500 with internal HDD, long ago. Guru meditations still exist?
Even the most basic models (the $99 + shipping + tax from China) can handle the Amiga. You get more bells whistles plus a better package with a MiSTer stack but I would recommend most people to either grab the Multisystem II or the Mister Pi (Turbo Pack) from RetroRemake. If you want to run Saturn fighters then getting a second stick of RAM is a must as it allows everything to run at full speed.
I have the Ultimate Mister kit with USB + AV boards but only a single stick of RAM (also 128MB) and a Honeywell PSU and it's awesome especially for the Amiga and C64 :)
Yeah the Mister Pi makes more sense, financially. On the C64 side, there is the upcoming C64 Ultimate https://www.commodore.net, that looks almost identical to the original one
It is good to point it out it is for offline simulations. There is some related recent work, Offset Geometric Contact that is suitable for interactive use: https://ankachan.github.io/Projects/OGC/index.html
The primary use case of Newton Physics is reinforcement learning, with 1000s of similar environments. Even if each environment would have sequential actions, you run many envs in parallel.
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