Well, here in UK nearly all residential properties have only a single phase supply - it can actually be really limiting nowadays. Some older properties are only wired for 60amp draw at 220V, meaning you can really only have an electric shower and an oven on at the same time and that's it, you've gone over the limit. People are finding it more and more as electric cars are getting popular and turns out fitting a 32amp(7.2kW) charger on a single phase 60 or even 80amp supply is sometimes not feasible depending on what else you have in your house already. Continental setup is far superior to what we have here for this reason.
> meaning you can really only have an electric shower and an oven on at the same time and that's it, you've gone over the limit
What's the deal with your electric showers anyway? Surely it's more efficient to heat in a central location and distribute both a cold and a hot water circuit through the building...
Probably talking out of my ass, it's just so weird and I haven't seen it anywhere other than in the UK.
Historically hot water in most houses in the UK came from a gravity fed tank in the attic. This means low pressure. If you wanted a high pressure shower, your options would be to replace the gravity fed system with a cold water pressure system (which can be expensive and might also involve disruptive relocation of pipe work) or to just fit a cold water fed power shower.
On-demand heating has the advantage that there is no thermal loss due to keeping a large amount of water (plus piping) hot 24 hrs a day.
Plus water is not wasted in waiting for hot water to arrive each time a tap is switched on.
Back in the days of Coal-fired power stations, people were encouraged to use storage hot water systems which were automatically switched on at night, so the the power stations could continue running because of the large base-load power demand.
However the modern Solar/wind generated power systems are the opposite, they much prefer loads which are only on during the daytime.
On-demand HWS can use heat-pump technology if required. Even tiny refrigerators use a heat pump. If they aren't widely used, it's because the savings are too small to warrant it.
Regarding solar HWS: The cost of heating panels, piping, and installation, has meant that they are fast disappearing from the market. It's better to add a few extra solar electric panels and use on-demand HWS, either with battery storage or via grid connect.
I've just been down this route with a new solar electric plant. I had originally assumed that Solar HWS would be included, but after doing the calcs, have abandoned the solar heating panels and instead opted for a few more solar electric panels plus extra Lithium batteries. It means I have a lot more storage that can used for many different purposes.
Refrigerators are similar to tank system, rather than on-demand hot water system. With smaller heat pump, tank is needed because it can't heat water immediately. Refrigerators have small heat pump so that's similar thing. Both should have good insulation.
Heat pump heater can be run when solar panel generates so much energy (energy price is low). That's a similar thing as batteries for energy use time shift.
You do usually, but with a gas combi boiler. Electric showers aren't that common in the UK either (23 years here and never seen one in person; but had never heard of them before moving here...), and usually a hack when putting a shower somewhere that didn't previously have plumbing.
Single-phase 16A? That's the standard? My tiny apartment homelab probably uses at least a third of that (I should measure its consumption actually...).
Said 50m² apartment has 16A triple-phase installed, but the breaker box is wired to be capable of safely drawing up to 63A triple-phase from the grid if I needed it.
Yep. You can obviously upgrade to 4.5 and 6 kW (still single phase, I think), or go three phase. Single house probably do that. But I'd be surprised if the apartments had more than 3 kW installed.
This results in a big payoff for efficiency, however: high efficiency AC and heat pumps for water go a long way in increasing how much you can do on so much little power.
I mean sure, but there are certain appliances(like kettles) which really can't get any more efficient, so if you want to boil some water......3kW overall limit for the entire apartment is seriously limiting. Like, if someone is boiling water and another person uses a hair dryer, it will blow fuses?
