FSFilters are basically a custom kernel module that can and will do anything they want on any filesystem access. (There's also network filters, which is how things like WinPcap get implemented.)
So yes, you could implement something similar in Linux, but there's not, last I looked, a prebuilt toolkit and infrastructure for them, just the generic interfaces you can use to hook anything.
(Compare the difference between writing a BPF module to hook all FS operations, and the limitations of eBPF, to having an InterceptFSCalls struct that you define in your custom kernel module to run your own arbitrary code on every access.)
So yes, you could implement something similar in Linux, but there's not, last I looked, a prebuilt toolkit and infrastructure for them, just the generic interfaces you can use to hook anything.
(Compare the difference between writing a BPF module to hook all FS operations, and the limitations of eBPF, to having an InterceptFSCalls struct that you define in your custom kernel module to run your own arbitrary code on every access.)